UK Grocery Sector Research Paper
Market Dynamics
In recent years, the retail market in the United Kingdom has experienced a seismic change, which is a once-in-a-generation shift that impacts the manner of retail operations and sales. Much of these changes are associated with the evolving lifestyle and demographics of the consumers, which have compelled retailers across all sectors to adapt to the new expectations and market forces to adapt and survive in the highly competitive industry. Part of these is the grocery sector, which has recorded sustained growth over the past three decades. According to Stanton (2018), the UK grocery market is expected to be worth more than £28.2bn by 2023, courtesy of the comparatively low inflation rates, significant growth in real GDP, and the growing population. In the end, the upsurge of the grocery sector is driven by the wider and higher purchasing power of the population, which is expected to increase further in the foreseeable future.
Prices
Due to the increase in economic confidence and low rates of inflation, the grocery sector has enjoyed significant growth, which is mainly spurred by consumer spending habits. Nonetheless, Evans and Mason (2015) observe that despite the high customer spending confidence, many are still sensitive to the product prices and have a high preference for bargain deals. Therefore, the purchasing decisions are not solely affected by product quality, but also by the prices and the convenience of obtaining such products. In the end, the UK grocery market has become highly competitive because of the customer demands in terms of pricing, quality, and convenience.
Trends
A range of factors is responsible for the changing structure and landscape of the grocery market in the UK, thus influencing the retailers’ plans for the industry’s development strategy. Amongst these are consumer behaviors, social environment, and globalization. From the observations made by Yadav (2018), the credit crunch reception witnessed in 2008 impacted negatively on virtually all UK sectors in the retail market. As a result, consumers are more likely to eat at home as opposed to eating at restaurants, and this substantively stimulates food sales while restraining the people’s interest in entertainment products. On the other hand, the decline in the UK’s GDP and the disposable household income makes consumers increasingly sensitive to food prices. Besides, the widespread adoption of high technology in the UK and the world at large has increased the accessibility to product information, which enables the consumers to practice price comparison before making purchases.
The industry trends constantly evolve, especially in terms of the suppliers’ behavior and business strategies. For instance, more suppliers in the UK are continuously adopting the more natural ingredients, as well as becoming increasingly transparent with the labeling of their products, which is vital to the local consumers. At the same time, there has been an increase in the development of organic products, which has also revolutionized the grocery sector and the UK retail industry in general (Evans & Mason, 2015). Similarly, small suppliers have also made huge sales over recent years in their quest to dominate the trends and accommodate the price-sensitive market.
The emergence of discounters in the UK market has pushed the big four grocery outlets into aligning their offerings and making changes to their retail operations. For instance, Aldi and Lidl, the major discounters that had 6 percent market share in 2011, have doubled their share by 2018. Based on the market trends, they are expected to hit the 20 percent market share mark in the next five years. Currently, the big four supermarkets in the sector are losing over £15 billion sales every year to the discounters. At the same time, Yadav (2018) observes that the increased popularity of online shopping has significantly reduced the brand loyalty that the specific supermarkets had enjoyed in the past. These changes are primarily associated with the behavior changes of the modern consumer generation compared to their parents and grandparents.
Consolidation of the grocery outlets has become another dominant practice in the UK market as the smaller businesses seek to enhance their competitive abilities against the larger and established supermarkets. Among the prominent mergers and acquisitions deals are Sainsbury’s/Asda, Co-Op/Nisa, and Tesco/Booker (Stanton, 2018). There is a general belief in the sector that scale and buying volumes are effective means of survival and growth. Hence, whereas the smaller grocery outlets come together to increase their competitiveness against the bigger supermarkets, the larger and established retailers acquire the smaller groceries as a defensive strategy to avert the rising competition in the sector.
The continuous growth of the retail industry in the UK is expected across all key grocery channels, with the discount and online platforms accounting for at least half of the market increase value by 2023. For instance, Stanton (2018) notes that £3 in every £10 of growth will come from the discounters over the next five years. On the other hand, the larger stores’ outlook has realized an equally significant improvement due to the huge investments made in the product range, price, and customer experiences, which are credited with the retailers’ ability to defend their market share.
External Factors
Numerous business opportunities are created or frustrated by factors beyond the entrepreneurs’ control and regulation. In particular, the electronic revolution and invention of internet technology have created business opportunities in both local and international markets for UK retailers. As more people continue to use social media, a greater number of small enterprises acquire more opportunities for securing larger market share. On the other hand, business opportunities are undermined by restrictive government legislation and licenses, which are sometimes too costly for small entrepreneurs.
Competitor Analysis
The grocery sector has become more concentrated in the UK, with four large and dominant retail supermarkets influencing the dynamics of the sector. These are Asda, Morrisons, Tesco, and Sainsbury’s, which jointly hold about 75 percent of the market share and over 70 percent of the total sales in the grocery market (Stanton, 2018). In this case, Tesco boasts of the highest market share at approximately 29 percent, making it the most popular shopping outlet in the UK. Morrison’s and Asda control 11 percent and 17 percent of the market share respectively, while the Sainsbury’s accounts for 18 percent. Because of the concentrated nature of the market, UK households are more inclined to purchase their grocery from the major supermarkets rather than the traditional stores.
As the largest grocery outlet in the UK, Tesco faces stiff competition from ASDA, Morrison’s, and Sainsbury’s. Over recent years, however, Waitrose has emerged as another retail chain that possesses a significant competition to the established big four outlets. Other notable threats are Aldi and Lidl, the German grocers, who have influenced the UK competition to the substantive level, given their entry into the market as discounters (Vizard, 2016). At the same time, other convenience stores are gradually gaining popularity in the grocery sector, as many consumers’ tastes appear to shift towards more trips to the stores for fewer items. However, the convenience store market has become increasingly fragmented despite gaining significant market share from the incumbents.
ASDA
The retail outlet presents itself as Walmart’s wholly-owned subsidiary after the acquisition move in 1999. With over 604 retail locations, amongst which are 196 supermarkets, ASDA has remained a dominant force in the grocery sector, mainly because of the strong brand. The outlet operates majorly through its larger format stores that sell groceries and a range of other items, including clothing and furnishes (Stanton, 2018). The competitive strategy adopted by ASDA focuses on maintaining the lowest possible prices compared to the other larger retailers in the UK grocery market. Besides, the company has recorded significant improvement in the online sales and store layout to conform to the changing consumers’ habits. There are also concerted efforts by ASDA to enhance the nutritional value of their private-labeled products.
Sainsbury’s
In terms of market share and sales volume, Sainsbury’s remains the UK’s third largest grocery chain. The firm boasts of over 1304 locations, which are divided almost equally between convenient formats and supermarkets. From the observations made by Stanton (2018) based on the brand strength reports and customer surveys, Sainsbury’s is viewed as the leading retailer amongst its peers in terms of product quality. Because of the superior tag on the products offered, Sainsbury’s charges a premium on the grocery products, despite the company’s recent focus on price reduction as an element of competitiveness in recent years. Also, the firm has achieved some successes in its customer engagement process by experimenting with various store layouts and expanding the offering to general merchandise categories. Similarly, Sainsbury’s has resorted to promoting the in-store banking services, while prioritizing the convenience format in its expansion plan for the upcoming store count.
Morrison’s
Morrison’s has 150 operational convenience stores and 514 supermarkets in the UK. In addition, the retailer takes part in food production, which makes it the second-largest food producer in Britain. According to Hegarty (2018), Morrison’s operates numerous facilities for food manufacturing and enjoys a healthy relationship with farmers, who the company engages to source meat, poultry, and other food produce. Recently, the company has invested heavily in driving its efficiency by improving along with the vertically-integrated market structure while cutting down on the daily prices. Also, the firm views the creation of a more balanced approach to promotional pricing as a critical element in the strategic review of costs. Ultimately, Morrison’s has embraced s strict budget of capital expenditure, and the majority of its new stores are presented in smaller convenience format.
Aldi
This is a Germany-based retail outlet that operates more than 10,000 stores across 18 countries. The primary niche occupied by Aldi is the discounters, under which the firm offers items at relatively low prices with disproportionately high private label on its offers. However, the firm caps the maximum number of units per item that a single customer can purchase and does not accept credit cards. Manufacturer coupons are also not acceptable at Aldi (Stanton, 2018). As part of the company’s effective marketing strategy, there are weekly specials on its general merchandise in addition to the discount grocery products.
Lidl
The Germany-based grocery outlet has its presence in 28 countries with more than 10,000 stores. Similar to Aldi, Lidl operates as a discount retailer with little focus on product presentation and customer experience (Stanton, 2018). Among the strategies used for reducing the expenses at the company is keeping the staff at a minimum. Unlike Aldi, Lidl is less concerned with the private brands and instead concentrates on sourcing low-priced food materials from countries where the company stores are situated. There are weekly special stocks at Lidl where general merchandise are offered.
Waitrose
The UK-based grocer has over 338 operational locations that are mainly made up of supermarkets. The business approach used by Waitrose makes it a premium grocer because of its emphasis on prices influenced by staff member quality and the quality of production practices. As part of the firm’s efforts to overcome the expensive reputation tagged on its products, Waitrose as launched various price-matching campaigns where it attempts to match some of its items with those offered by Tesco and other dominant retailers. There is a great diversification intent by the firm’s management, which is demonstrated through the increase in the company’s stores over the past few years, amongst which are restaurants serving hot food and other locations that are specialized in general non-food merchandise.
The dominance of these outlets presents a problem to grocery suppliers, whose power of negotiation is limited by the low number of buyers, despite a large number of consumers for the products. At the same time, the competitiveness of the grocery sector is also affected by the UK market’s open economy, which allows foreign grocery retailers to tap freely into the lucrative sector. In the end, the local entrepreneurs have to compete for the limited market share with some of the established global firms. These developments have led to the recent increase in the UK’s large retailers who are expanding their business into international markets.
Customer Profile
Market Segmentation
The primary customer segments for the products will be created based on perceived customer behaviors, preferences, age, income, and gender. Accordingly, the Alpha-Health Groceries will seek to satisfy the customer needs of the surrounding neighborhood male and female, whose households earn at least £15,000 per year. Nevertheless, it is expected that 73 percent of the target shoppers will be female heads of the households, with 11 percent of the target population consisted by making heads of the households (Rappaport, Dawson, & Crowley, 2015). Fifteen percent of the shoppers are expected to be both male and female heads from the same home, whereas 1 percent will be consisted by ‘others,’ who in this case include children, elderly, and non-residents. The average weekly expenditure of the target household for the grocery store is between £68 for buyers with around £15,000 annual income to £118 for customers who earn over £75,000 in a year. In this case, it is believed that spending on groceries for consumers increases with their weekly earnings.
Among these segments is the “here we go again” category, which is the group of customers that view the grocery shopping as a chore. Their primary objective is to reduce the efforts, time, and cost of shopping, hence their preference for retail outlets that are located conveniently, have easily accessible product information, and with clear product display. According to Rappaport, Dawson, and Crowley (2015), this market segment is more inclined to be loyal to a particular brand of retailers in addition to the brands of the items that they purchase. The form of loyalty developed in this manner is referred to as habitual loyalty, because of the repetitive behaviors that the customers in this segment develop in their purchasing, which is more of a habit as opposed to rational or emotional attitudes towards the product. In the end, the firm will strive to sway the customer using discounts and sales promotions, although their responsiveness to such offers is expected to be considerably lower than that of other market segments.
Another key market segment that the Alpha-Health Groceries will target is that of family feeders, which is majorly constituted by grocery buyers who are in charge of families as parents or guardians. As observed by Rappaport, Dawson, and Crowley (2015), purchases for this group of customers are significantly regular, with a wide range of items at different times as influenced by the preferences of their family members and the impact that the products have on the end users in their households. For instance, buyers in this segment may purchase biscuits and other types of snacks to eat at home with their children. Therefore, it is expected that their purchases will be in larger volumes than those without families, and they also tend to be less focused on prices but good value. Consequently, family feeders are attracted to popular and established brands, which run their sales promotions regularly.
The firm will also seek to lure on-the-go consumers, who are characteristically busy with their work, travels, sporting activities, or studies. In this case, this segment of customers is often an above average purchaser that is ready to consume snacks and other food materials that are convenient with their lifestyle. Due to their behaviors as frequent movers, they are likely to have a range of retailer sets from whom they purchase their food products. Besides, they are bound to have a larger degree of food varieties that they buy, which are influenced by their situational factors and moods. Hence, Alpha-Health Groceries will try to meet their needs by presenting them with the convenient online shopping option in addition to the vending machines erected at selected popular locations.
Because of the increasing sensitivity of modern society to healthy food, Alpha-Health Groceries will also seek to satisfy the healthy and natural segment of the target customers. As defined by Stanton (2018), this increasingly vital market segment is focused on the environmental and health impacts of the purchased food and other products such as the packaging materials. Therefore, the grocery will attempt to satisfy their needs by presenting itself as an environmentally-friendly retailer who offers natural food materials. In addition, the healthy and natural segment is known for selecting products that are low in carbohydrates, fat-free, and vegetarian gluten-free. Accordingly, the firm will provide a variety of food products that meet the health desires of this segment, in addition to ensuring that the packaging materials are easily disposable or recyclable. As observed by Rappaport, Dawson, and Crowley (2015), the healthy and natural segment is made up of consumers who are keenly involved in decisions related to their food purchases and the making of packaging designs. In the end, these customers are the most likely to develop brand loyalty and trust based on the vendors professional and ethical adherence to the satisfaction of their food preferences. The Alpha-Health Groceries will seek to reach the target customers by capitalizing on the single clearinghouse for the manufacturers’ coupons, the manufacturers’ and Alpha-Health’s in-ad coupons, as well as the warehouse damage coupons. In this case, the redemption programs will involve gift certificates, sale of show vouchers, and the mail-in rebates.
Technical and Legal
The retail sector plays an important role in the UK’s economy, hence the great attention given to the sector by the government institutions to ensure that the business people operate within the confines of the legal provisions and regulations. According to Keller and Associates (2008), the laws governing the sector are aimed at promoting a sustainable and controlled retail industry, as well as ensuring the safety of the consumers. In relation to the selling of fresh food products, the retailers in the UK are expected to comply with the regulations on hygiene and food security. The 2006 Food Hygiene Regulations controls food hygiene, cleanliness, registration of premises, provision of facilities and equipment, as well as temperature control. In this case, the food legislation ensures that all retailers who handle food materials maintain the set standards for food hygiene and safety (Herring, 2015). In addition, the Food Safety Act 1990 has been used to inform all businesses dealing in food sale to protect the public from all health risks linked with food consumption. The legislation covers food presentation, storage, quality, and advertisement in the UK.
Under the government initials and regulations, the UK government advances a free market economy that involves a loosening of the regulations governing retail businesses in Britain since the 1990s. For example, the majority of restrictions related to the opening time were vacated in 1994, while those on the mediation licensing were amended in 2004. According to Herring (2015), the UK government is cautious of the increasing power of the larger grocery retailers, which has informed the government’s regular enactment of laws that restrict the unfair dominance of the sector by the players with greater financial power. Ultimately, government regulations are expected to continue evolving depending on the circumstances and market forces.
Grocery outlets are also subject to approval under the town centers first policy. Under this regulation, the store locations in the UK are managed under the zoning procedure for the planning of general land use. Hence, it is the land use that is granted permission for business establishment as opposed to the business owner (Keller & Associates, 2008). Since the mid-1990s, the UK set up the land use planning to protect and revive town centers, as opposed to encouraging further peripheral expansions. Nonetheless, the policy framework varies in terms of the timescale, and this is demonstrated in the recent attempt to maintain a stronger retail presence within the urban settings.
There is a requirement for the groceries in the UK to comply with the laws that control the packaging strategies and the use of plastic bags. Accordingly, the packaging strategy introduced by the UK government is aimed at minimizing the impact of packaging practices on the environment. Indeed, Herring (2015) notes that the regulations are meant to encourage retailers to be more responsive to their environment by actively protecting it through more environment-friendly packing processes. Besides, the government imposes taxes on plastic carriers as a deterrence to the retailers’ use of the materials.
Insurance
Although the Alpha-Health Groceries is committed to minimizing risks through safe practices and protection of both the products and people, it is impossible to eliminate all the risks associated with business operations. Therefore, proper insurance is vital in the firm’s ability to manage its risks, and this presents another technical issue that will be costly to the business. Accordingly, the firm will buy insurance cover for various business risks, including fire and general property coverage, which shields the firm against losses resulting from fire, hail, wind damage, and vandalism (Barbour, 2017). In addition, the business will be insured against the consequential risks, which are associated with the loss of revenue in a period when the business activities are suspended because of catastrophes such as a fire. The burglary insurance will help the business to cover the risks associated with the theft of cash and merchandise after forced entry, whereas the fidelity bonding will be responsible for the theft of merchandise and money by employees.
The business will also be covered against fraud, which includes bad checks, larceny, and counterfeit money, whereas the public liability cover will protect the firm against injuries to the public, who include customers and passersby who may fall on the business premises. Other insurance costs will include the product liability insurance that covers against any injuries on the product consumers, and the worker’s compensation insurance will shield the business against injuries suffered by the employees (Barbour, 2017). At the same time, the business will be insured against errors and omissions to protect the firm against claims raised by customers who suffer from losses or injuries caused by the erroneous processing or handling of food.
Product Range
Alpha-Health Groceries intends to offer a range of products and services to its customers as a way of creating a different dimension to its competitive edge over other competitors. In this case, the firm will sell products such as soft drinks, cold and hot snacks, sports drinks, pet suppliers, bread, microwavable meals, fruit juices, canned soup, and condiments. Under the groceries category, the items will include the local and culturally-acceptable food materials and supplements, such as the peppers, meat, rice, oils, spices, pasta, candies, desserts, and chocolate. On the other hand, other products on offer will include gift items that will include a selection of cookbooks, kitchen wares, and picnic items. Delicatessen will form another unique category of products offered by Alpha-Health Groceries, which will be made up of a limited menu for dinner, breakfast, and lunch. The rotating menu will contain salads, soups, sandwiches, desserts, and drinks. Effectively, all the items on the menu will be freshly prepared every morning and presented for display to facilitate easy pick-up.
Value Addition and Filled Gaps
Among the value addition methods used by the firm will be food preparation, which include freezing of cooked meals. In this case, the entrepreneurs in this business acknowledge the fact that many people are in a hurry and have no time to prepare the raw food items purchased from the traditional grocery outlets. Therefore, food preparation satisfies the customers’ needs of saving time, thus bridging the gap between customer need of food and the urgency with which they need it. In the end, the customer who purchase food products from Alpha-Health Groceries can choose the raw or readily prepared food items depending on their preferences. At the same time, the grocery will offer packaged meat with coupons to safe the time spent slicing and packaging the meat, as well as improve customers’ experience at the store.
Cosmetics and beauty supplies and the over the counter medication are other non-food items that will be sold by Alpha-Health Groceries as part of the firm’s strategy to meet the customers’ needs. Given that customers purchase food items more frequently than the medication and cosmetic products, they would find it convenient and time-saving to sample and purchase these products on any of their visits at the grocery. In the end, the customers’ need for convenience is satisfied through the all-under-one-roof approach of business. The fact that all the items will be available both in the physical stores and home or office delivery after online orders will also save time and provide the convenience desired by the customers.
Breakfast. This will include fresh bread, coffee, juice, tea, quiche, muffins, scones, and Biscotti. The quiche will be made using fresh cheese and ingredients that feature across the UK market.
Lunch/Dinner. The important items on the menu will include roast beef, smoked turkey, corned beef, boonero, pizza, chips, bruschetta, eggplant chickpea pesto, Italian veggie deluxe, organic soup, and bacon. Others will be pasta salad, Caesar salad, and fresh herb salad.
Drinks/Ice. Juices with high quality flavors from across the world, organic and international coffee, tea, and natural soft drinks will be part of the products.
Personnel
There is a general recognition of people as the most important asset at Alpha-Health Groceries, hence the need by the firm to create a complete and effective human resource service line that is designed to harness the optimal output of the employees at the company’s disposal. As guided by Yadav (2018), the employees form part of the firm’s investment, and the management expects that their primary goal is to help Alpha-Health Groceries to fully capitalize on the investment. Therefore, the personnel employed by the firm will have to possess the necessary competencies in terms of dedication to the organizational goal and familiarity with the unique challenges and opportunities that the new retail business presents. Accordingly, there will be one manager, an assistant manager, three cashiers, four store employees/stockers, two delivery personnel, and four workers in administrative capacity. A college degree and at least three years of experience will form part of the core requirements for the store manager to ensure that there is sufficient blend of experience and enthusiasm between the young and experienced employees.
The retail sector plays an important role in the UK’s economy, hence the great attention given to the sector by the government institutions to ensure that the business people operate within the confines of the legal provisions and regulations. According to Keller and Associates (2008), the laws governing the sector are aimed at promoting a sustainable and controlled retail industry, as well as ensuring the safety of the consumers. In relation to the selling of fresh food products, the retailers in the UK are expected to comply with the regulations on hygiene and food security. The 2006 Food Hygiene Regulations controls food hygiene, cleanliness, registration of premises, provision of facilities and equipment, as well as temperature control. In this case, the food legislation ensures that all retailers who handle food materials maintain the set standards for food hygiene and safety (Herring, 2015). In addition, the Food Safety Act 1990 has been used to inform all businesses dealing in food sale to protect the public from all health risks linked with food consumption. The legislation covers food presentation, storage, quality, and advertisement in the UK.
Under the government initials and regulations, the UK government advances a free market economy that involves a loosening of the regulations governing retail businesses in Britain since the 1990s. For example, the majority of restrictions related to the opening time were vacated in 1994, while those on the mediation licensing were amended in 2004. According to Herring (2015), the UK government is cautious of the increasing power of the larger grocery retailers, which has informed the government’s regular enactment of laws that restrict the unfair dominance of the sector by the players with greater financial power. Ultimately, government regulations are expected to continue evolving depending on the circumstances and market forces.
Grocery outlets are also subject to approval under the town centers first policy. Under this regulation, the store locations in the UK are managed under the zoning procedure for the planning of general land use. Hence, it is the land use that is granted permission for business establishment as opposed to the business owner (Keller & Associates, 2008). Since the mid-1990s, the UK set up the land use planning to protect and revive town centers, as opposed to encouraging further peripheral expansions. Nonetheless, the policy framework varies in terms of the timescale, and this is demonstrated in the recent attempt to maintain a stronger retail presence within the urban settings.
There is a requirement for the groceries in the UK to comply with the laws that control the packaging strategies and the use of plastic bags. Accordingly, the packaging strategy introduced by the UK government is aimed at minimizing the impact of packaging practices on the environment. Indeed, Herring (2015) notes that the regulations are meant to encourage retailers to be more responsive to their environment by actively protecting it through more environment-friendly packing processes. Besides, the government imposes taxes on plastic carriers as a deterrence to the retailers’ use of the materials.
Insurance
Although the Alpha-Health Groceries is committed to minimizing risks through safe practices and protection of both the products and people, it is impossible to eliminate all the risks associated with business operations. Therefore, proper insurance is vital in the firm’s ability to manage its risks, and this presents another technical issue that will be costly to the business. Accordingly, the firm will buy insurance cover for various business risks, including fire and general property coverage, which shields the firm against losses resulting from fire, hail, wind damage, and vandalism (Barbour, 2017). In addition, the business will be insured against the consequential risks, which are associated with the loss of revenue in a period when the business activities are suspended because of catastrophes such as a fire. The burglary insurance will help the business to cover the risks associated with the theft of cash and merchandise after forced entry, whereas the fidelity bonding will be responsible for the theft of merchandise and money by employees.
The business will also be covered against fraud, which includes bad checks, larceny, and counterfeit money, whereas the public liability cover will protect the firm against injuries to the public, who include customers and passersby who may fall on the business premises. Other insurance costs will include the product liability insurance that covers against any injuries on the product consumers, and the worker’s compensation insurance will shield the business against injuries suffered by the employees (Barbour, 2017). At the same time, the business will be insured against errors and omissions to protect the firm against claims raised by customers who suffer from losses or injuries caused by the erroneous processing or handling of food.
References
Barbour, T. (2017). Commercial insurance essential for business survival. Alaska Business Monthly, 33(3), 36.
Evans, B., & Mason, R. (2015). The lean supply chain : managing the challenge at Tesco. London: Kogan Page
Hegarty, R. (2018). Morrisons kicks off customers’ first service training push. Grocer, 64.
Herring, R. J. (2015). The Oxford handbook of food, politics, and society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Keller, J.J., & Associates. (2008). Compliance manual for food quality and safety. Neenah: J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.
Rappaport, E. D., Dawson, S. T., & Crowley, M. J. (2015). Consuming behaviors : identity, politics and pleasure in twentieth-century Britain. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Stanton, J. L. (2018). A brief history of food retail. British Food Journal, 120(1), 172-180
Vizard, S. (2016). Aldi and Lidl see slowest growth in five years as Tesco turnaround gathers pace. Marketing Week (Online Edition), 1.
Yadav, A. (2018). A Longitudinal study of competition and performances in the UK Grocery Retail. Longborough University
